Fabrication of micro-nano patterned materials mimicking the topological structure of extracellular matrix for biomedical applications

With the advent of tissue engineering and biomedicine, the creation of extracellular matrix (ECM) biomaterials for in vitro applications has become a prominent and promising strategy. These ECM materials provide physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties that guide cellular behaviors, such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. Because micro- and nano-patterned materials have a unique surface topology and low energy replication process that directly affect cellular biological behaviors at the interface, the fabrication of micro-nano pattern biomaterials and the regulation of surface physical and chemical properties are of great significance in the fields of cell regulation, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the progress in the fabrication and application of patterned materials based on the coupling of mechanical action at the micro- and nano-meter scale, including photolithography, micro-contact printing, electron beam lithography, electrospinning, and 3D printing technology. Furthermore, a summary of the fabrication process, underlying principles, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of various technologies are reviewed. We also discuss the influence of material properties on the fabrication of micro- and nano-patterns.