Non-ischemic complications of dermal fillers

Dermal fillers have been commonly used for the filling of facial rhytids. As the use of dermal fillers has grown, so has the incidence of non-ischemic complications. These complications range from edema, bruising, and erythema to more complex conditions such as delayed hypersensitivity nodules and biofilms. This article sought to review the causes of various non-ischemic complications, discuss their risk factors, and review management techniques. Certain predisposing factors to delayed hypersensitivity nodules, such as Vycross technology, a history of viral illness, or coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) infections, are discussed in detail in this review. Prevention techniques such as patient counseling, elucidating certain patient history (viral illness, dental procedures), the use of aseptic technique, and procedural factors are also discussed. Understanding appropriate management for these complications can also help in treatment. Imaging, such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has taken on a larger role in the management of non-ischemic complications.