Probiotics ameliorate polyethylene microplastics-induced liver injury by inhibition of oxidative stress in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Microplastic particles (MPs) are environmental pollutants that can cause varying levels of aquatic toxicity. Probiotics have been shown to reduce the negative effects of toxic substances. However, the protective effect of probiotics against the adverse effects of MPs has yet to be reported. The current study sought to determine the effects of the commercial probiotic AquaStar® Growout on polystyrene (PS)-MPs-mediated hepatic oxidative stress in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fishes were assigned into four groups: the first group was the control, the second group was exposed to 1 mg/L of 0.5 μm PS-MPs, and the third and fourth groups were exposed to 1 mg/L of 0.5 μm PS-MPs and pre-fed with probiotics at levels of 3 g/kg and 6 g/kg diet, respectively. At the end of the experiment, probiotics administration reversed liver damage caused by the PS-MPs, reducing serum levels of malondialdehyde, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase, and increasing the total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, probiotics alleviated PS-MPs-induced oxidative stress by restoring antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase) and reducing oxidized glutathione and enhancing the redox state. Besides, probiotics supplementation decreased the transcriptional level of C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-α following PS-MPs exposure. Furthermore, probiotics counteracted PS-MPs-associated reactive oxygen species production and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphorylation status. These findings suggested that probiotics could decrease liver damage caused by PS-MPs through their antioxidant properties and modulation of MAPK signaling pathways.