Full-endoscopic lumbar spine surgery using working-channel endoscopes: technical tips for practical effectiveness

Full-endoscopic spine surgery (FESS) has emerged as an effective and minimally invasive option for the surgical treatment of degenerative lumbar spine disease. FESS can be characterized as endoscopic spine surgery conducted via the percutaneous uniportal approach using working-channel endoscopes under continuous saline irrigation. Despite available evidence, the clinical application of this endoscopic procedure may require more work for standard spine surgeons. Therefore, this review aims to provide comprehensive technical tips to ensure the practical effectiveness of FESS.