Full-endoscopic lumbar spine surgery using working-channel endoscopes: technical tips for practical effectiveness

Currently, FESS remains a reliable option for achieving successful surgical outcomes in cases of lumbar disk herniation and spinal stenosis, with few complications and rapid recovery. A comprehensive understanding of the core features of working-channel endoscopes is crucial for expediting the learning process. Importantly, the development of specific instruments, surgical approaches, and optics is a continuous process that is necessary for establishing FESS as the standard technique for degenerative lumbar spine disease.