The Impact of Traditional Chinese Medicines on Osteoclastogenesis through NF-κB Signaling Pathway: A Review

Osteoclasts are specialized cells responsible for bone resorption, which plays a crucial role in the dynamic processes of bone remodeling and maintenance. Osteolytic skeletal disorders, such as osteoporosis, arise from an imbalance between the activities of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. The regulatory mechanisms underlying osteoclast differentiation, known as osteoclastogenesis, are governed by the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) signaling system. In this system, the RANK, a type 1 transmembrane protein, acts as a central regulator of osteoclastogenesis through various signaling pathways. This review seeks to explore the influence of Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) on osteoclastogenesis, focusing on the NF-κB signaling pathway. This study aims to offer valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies for managing osteolytic skeletal disorders by investigating the interaction between TCM and the regulatory mechanisms that control osteoclast function. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, concentrating on studies that examine the effects of TCM on osteoclastogenesis and the NF-κB signaling pathway. Databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for peer-reviewed articles, reviews, and clinical studies. The inclusion criteria focused on studies addressing the impact of TCM on osteoclast function and the associated molecular mechanisms, especially those involving the RANKL/RANK/OPG system and the NF-κB pathway. The review identified several TCM compounds with regulatory effects on osteoclastogenesis. These compounds were found to modulate the NF-κB pathway, influencing osteoclast differentiation and activity. Key findings highlighted the discovery of specific TCM herbs and their active ingredients that can inhibit osteoclast formation and function, promoting bone health. The mechanisms of action often involved suppressing RANKL-induced NF-κB activation, a crucial process for osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. This review underscores the potential of TCMs as therapeutic agents for osteolytic skeletal disorders through their modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. The findings suggest that TCM may significantly regulate osteoclastogenesis, offering new avenues for developing treatments for conditions like osteoporosis. However, further research and clinical trials are necessary to fully elucidate the therapeutic potential of TCM and translate these findings into clinical practice.