Formulation development and characterization of peptide-based spray-forming in situ gel for enhanced buccal permeation and improved stability

AIM: gelling buccal spray to improve the permeation and stability of reduced glutathione through the buccal mucosa without using ascorbic acid as an antioxidant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: buccal mucosa permeation, and stability. RESULTS: permeation studies showed an approximately 10-fold increase in permeability flux, while stability studies confirmed enhanced stability for more than 1 month under refrigerated conditions. CONCLUSION: gelling buccal spray significantly improved the stability and buccal permeation of reduced glutathione, demonstrating its potential as an effective noninvasive delivery system.