Electrochemical Resistive-Pulse Sensing

Resistive-pulse sensing with biological or solid-state nanopores and nanopipettes has been widely employed in detecting single molecules and nanoparticles. The analytical signal in such experiments is the change in ionic current caused by the molecule/particle translocation through the pipet orifice. This paper describes a new version of the resistive-pulse technique based on the use of carbon nanopipettes (CNP). The measured current is produced by electrochemical oxidation/reduction of redox molecules at the carbon surface and responds to the particle translocation. In addition to counting single entities, this technique enables qualitative and quantitative analysis of the electroactive material they contain. Using liposomes as a model system, we demonstrate the capacity of CNPs for (1) conventional resistive-pulse sensing of single liposomes, (2) electrochemical resistive-pulse sensing, and (3) electrochemical identification and quantitation of redox species (e.g., ferrocyanide, dopamine, and nitrite) contained in a single liposome. The small physical size of a CNP suggests the possibility of single-entity measurements in biological systems.