Bismuth ion battery – A new member in trivalent battery technology

Abstract To provide alternative battery technologies to lithium ion battery, multivalent metal ion batteries with their high theoretical capacities and ease of preparation have gradually gained attention from both academia and industries. In this work, we report bismuth ion battery (BIB) as a promising trivalent metal ion battery, next to the only known aluminum ion battery. Our BIB successfully demonstrates battery behavior with discharge plateaus at 0.5 and 0.2 V. Gravimetric capacity of 300 mAh g-1 at current density of 0.2 A g-1 was obtained with ca. 98% coulombic efficiency. In addition, stable cyclic life was achieved after 100 cycles at 0.3 A g-1 which further suggests its suitability as potential trivalent metal ion battery.