Carbon cloth modified by direct growth of nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers and its utilization as electrode for zero gap flow batteries

The synthetic procedure and characterization of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) grown on carbon cloth (CC) are explored in this study, with a focus on their potential application as electrodes in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). CC offers an attractive platform for surface modification owing to its conductive properties and three-dimensional architecture, while the N-doped CNFs formed by nitrogen (N) rich composition of melamine precursor enhance wettability of electrolyte and redox reactivity of vanadium ions. Electrochemical assessments reveal that NCC electrodes significantly increase voltage efficiency (VE) and capacity retention in VRFBs compared to bare CC (BCC) electrodes. Notably, NCC demonstrates a VE of 65.9%, surpassing the 55.9% of BCC electrodes. Additionally, NCC maintains superior capacity retention under varying current densities, a crucial factor for VRFBs. Long-term stability tests over 1000 cycles highlight the NCC electrode's durability, with only a minimal decrease in VE. Post-experiment analysis confirms the structural integrity of the CNFs on the CC electrodes, validating their resilience in VRFB operations. In summary, the study introduces a novel approach for fabricating N-doped CNFs on CC, resulting in electrodes that significantly boost VRFB performance in terms of efficiency, capacity retention, and stability, marking a notable advancement in flow battery technology.