Exploratory Investigation of Zinc-Modified Borosilicate Bioactive Glass: A New Methodology for Its Biocompatibility, Immunoregulation, and Pro-Angiogenic Property Evaluation

The assessment of biodegradable materials, such as bioactive glass, under the existing ISO 10993 standard test methods poses a significant challenge due to potential cell viability impairment caused by the accumulation of degraded products in a static environment. Therefore, innovative methodologies are urgently needed to tailor the unique biodegradation characteristics of these materials, providing more precise and scientific insights into biosafety and efficacy verification. Motivation by its bidirectional regulation of angiogenesis and immunity, zinc (Zn) was incorporated into sol–gel-derived borosilicate bioactive glasses (SBSGs) to fabricate Zn-incorporated borosilicate bioactive glasses (SBSG-Zn) to complement the tissue repair capabilities of bioactive glasses. Both SBSG and SBSG-Zn glasses consist of nanosized particles, slit mesoporous pores, high specific surface areas, and bioreactivity. In vitro comparative analysis, conducted according to ISO 10993 standards, demonstrates that only at suitable dilution rates─such as the 8-fold dilution employed in this study─do extracts of SBSG and SBSG-Zn glasses exhibit low cytotoxicity when cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Notably, SBSG-Zn glasses show optimal promotion of angiogenic gene expression in HUVECs. Furthermore, within an appropriate concentration range of released ions, SBSG-Zn glass extracts not only promote cell survival but also modulate the expression of anti-inflammatory genes while simultaneously inhibiting pro-inflammatory genes concurrently. After being implanted in rat subcutaneous defect models, both SBSG and SBSG-Zn glasses demonstrated the local immunoregulation and angiogenic effects. SBSG-Zn stands out by demonstrating superior modulation of M1/M2 polarization in macrophages as validated by altered secretion of key factors in macrophages and expression of relevant growth factors in HUVECs. These findings underscore the potential for convenient manipulation of localized angiogenic and immunoregulation through the incorporation of zinc into bioactive glass, emphasizing the importance of ensuring the appropriate ion doses are applied for achieving optimal therapeutic efficiency.