The effects of the usage of silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) as nano-sized fuel additives on the engine characteristics in diesel engines: a review

The internal combustion engine (ICE) is a widely used technology that has been identified as a significant source of harmful pollutants. Nanoparticle additives are being investigated as a potential solution for enhancing engine efficiency and reducing emissions. The primary objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review of the latest research literature and evaluate the impact of incorporating TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticle fuel additives on the performance, combustion characteristics, and emissions of diesel engines. Furthermore, this study aims to review the existing literature on the properties of diesel/biodiesel fuels that are influenced by the addition of TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles as fuel additives. The present article commences by presenting a summary of current research conducted on alternative fuels and fuel additives. Subsequently, the study focuses on a detailed analysis of studies investigating the utilization of SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles as fuel supplements in diesel engines and their effects on fuel characteristics, engine performance, and emissions. Finally, based on the reviewed studies, it has been shown that the addition of TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles to fuel can improve the physical properties of base fuel, such as viscosity, density, and cetane number. These nanoparticles can also enhance combustion characteristics by reducing ignition delay and increasing combustion completeness. Moreover, nanoparticle fuel additives have been found to increase thermal efficiency and power output and decrease fuel consumption in diesel engines. Remarkably, TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles positively affect emissions, resulting in a reduction in NOx, CO, HC, and particulate matter.