MXene/cellulose conductive hydrogel with stretchability, anti-swelling, antibacteriality and environmental adaptability for wearable flexible strain sensors in human behavior monitoring

= 0.98). This hydrogel achieves antibacterial efficacy through a dual mechanism that combines quaternary ammonium groups with the physical bactericidal action of MXene. Furthermore, it effectively converts physical signals generated by human motion into corresponding electrical changes, maintaining efficacy even during motion monitoring in aquatic environments. Moreover, it facilitates the transmission of information through Morse code via variations in pressure and strain. This multifunctional hydrogel demonstrates transformative potential for next-generation wearable electronics by addressing critical limitations in strain/pressure sensing applications.