Social wasps are mating nests for yeasts

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sce) is largely used as a model for a wealth of purposes. The recent availability of \ngenome sequences of a large number of S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus (Spa) strains representing the widest \nknown genetic, phenotypic and geographical diversity renewed the interest in the use of these yeasts as models \nfor evolution and ecology studies. Nevertheless, one of the still unanswered questions is whether genetically \ndiverse yeasts mate and recombine in the wild. The yeasts outcrossing was estimated to occur only once every \n105 mitotic division, thus confining their reproduction to mitosis and to occasional intra-ascus breeding \n(inbreeding). Although, the recent observation on larger set of strains of unexpectedly high levels of genetic \nheterozygosity and prions diffusion called the rarity of outcrossing into question. To outbreed at least two \nconditions have to occur: i) different strains has to simultaneously inhabit the same area, ii) they have to face \nenvironmental oscillations favouring sporulation (because natural yeasts are usually diploid) followed by \ngermination. Social wasps have been shown to bear yeast cells all year long and feeding on sources that are \npotentially inhabited by different Saccharomyces spp. strains, thus representing a potential incubator for different \nyeast cells to meet and mate. Here we show that the intestine of social wasps favours the mating of different \nyeast strains and species by providing a sequentiality of environmental conditions prompting the sporulation and \ngermination of S. cerevisiae and making heterospecific mating the only option for S. paradoxus to survive. Our \nresults open a new perspective introducing insects as unaware players in the evolution of Saccharomyces spp. \nyeasts. Saccharomyces spp. yeasts could prefer sexual reproduction to react to the environment changes \noccurring within the wasp intestine and in the continuous flux from the wasp to the environment and vice-versa.