Understanding structure-activity relationships of pH-sensitive cationic lipids facilitates the rational identification of promising lipid nanoparticles for delivering siRNAs in vivo

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are one of the more promising technologies for efficiently delivering short interfering RNA (siRNA) in vivo. A pH-sensitive cationic lipid that facilitates the targeting of hepatocytes and endosomal escape, strongly influences the availability of siRNA, thus making it a key material for efficient siRNA delivery. A systematic knowledge regarding lipid structure-activity relationships would greatly facilitate the development of sophisticated pH-sensitive cationic lipids for use in siRNA-based therapeutics. The systemic derivatization of a hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic tails of YSK12-C4, a pH-sensitive cationic lipid that was developed in our laboratory, revealed that hydrophilic head significantly affected the apparent pKa of the final product, a key factor in both intrahepatic distribution and endosomal escape. The clogP value of a hydrophilic head group was found to be associated with the apparent pKa of the product. In contrast, the hydrophobic tail structure strongly affected intrahepatic distribution without depending on apparent pKa. A structure-activity relationship study enabled the selection of an adequate combination of a hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic tails and permitted a potent LNP composed of a pH-sensitive cationic lipid CL4H6 (CL4H6-LNPs) to be developed that showed efficient gene silencing activity (50% effective dose: 0.0025 mg/kg), biodegradability and was tolerated. In vivo experiments revealed that the CL4H6-LNPs showed a superior efficiency for endosomal escape, cytosolic release and the RNA-induced silencing for the complex-loading of siRNAs compared to the previously developed LNPs.