Characterization of the circulating microbiome in acute‐on‐chronic liver failure associated with hepatitis B

Abstract Background Patients with hepatitis B‐related acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (HB‐ACLF) may have an increased circulating microbial burden. This study aimed to assess circulating microbial load and composition and to explore the association between the circulating microbiome and both systemic inflammation (SI) and clinical outcome in HB‐ACLF. Methods Plasma from 50 HB‐ACLF patients, 23 healthy controls and 25 patients with compensated liver cirrhosis (C‐LC) was analysed for chemokines/cytokines and bacterial DNA and further analysed by 16S rDNApyrosequencing. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) and inferred metagenomics analyses were performed. Results The circulating bacterial DNA was significantly increased in HB‐ACLF patients compared to that in the control groups. The overall microbial diversity was significantly decreased in HB‐ACLF patients. HB‐ACLF patients were enriched with Moraxellaceae, Sulfurovum, Comamonas and Burkholderiaceae but were depleted in Actinobacteria, Deinococcus‐Thermus, Alphaproteobacteria, Xanthomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae compared to controls. Network analysis revealed a direct positive correlation between Burkholderiaceae and chemokine IP‐10 in HB‐ACLF patients. The relative abundance of Prevotellaceae independently predicted 28‐day mortality. Inferred functional metagenomics predicted an enrichment of bacteria with genes related to methane, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, pyrimidine, purine and energy metabolism. Conclusions HB‐ACLF patients display increased circulating microbial burden, altered microbiome composition and a shift in microbiome functionality. The alteration in circulating microbiota is associated with SI and clinical outcome in HB‐ACLF.