Cadmium neurotoxicity: From its analytical aspects to neuronal impairment

Cadmium has several toxic effects to human health, including carcinogenicity, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, cardiovascular, reproductive toxicities, neurotoxicity, among others. This chapter will focus mainly on cadmium toxicity: from its analytical aspects to neuronal impairment. In this context, the knowledge of analytical methods to quantify cadmium is extremely needed. The normal range of cadmium in different biological samples, and the treatment that is necessary to measure cadmium on them will be presented. In addition, the literature data about cadmium neurotoxicity bringing parameters of the cholinergic system, purinergic system, Na+,K+-ATPase activity, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter imbalance and histological brain changes will be discussed. Cd acts as a neurotoxin; a scientific fact. However, the findings underline the need for further research in the field of Cd-induced neurotoxicity, as a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the neurobehavioral impairment could shed more light on the causes of its well-established cognitive implications. It is necessary to look at gender and age differences in Cd susceptibility and the role of epigenetics in determining long-term and late-onset health effects from Cd. Finally, measures should be taken to reduce Cd exposure in the general population in order to minimize the risk of health damage.