Human–Machine Interaction in Intelligent and Connected Vehicles: A Review of Status Quo, Issues, and Opportunities

Human–Machine Interaction (HMI) in Intelligent and Connected Vehicles (ICVs) has drawn great attention in recent years due to its potentially significant positive impacts on the automotive revolution and travel experience. In this paper, we conduct an in-depth review of HMI in ICVs. Firstly, research and application development status are pointed out through the discussion on the cutting-edge technology classification, achievements, and challenges of the HMI technologies in ICVs, including recognition technology, multi-dimensional human vehicle interface, and emerging in-vehicle intelligent units. Then, the human factors issues of ICVs are discussed from three aspects: ICV acceptance, interaction quality of ICVs, and user experience of ICVs. Besides, based on the interaction technology and the mapping of the above issues, we conducted a visual analysis of the literature to realize the reflective thinking of the current HMI in ICVs. Finally, the challenges of HMI technology in ICVs are summarized. Moreover, the promising future opportunities are proposed from three aspects: utility optimization, experience reconfiguration, and value acquisition, to gaining insight into advanced and pleasant HMI in ICVs.