Anti-aging potential of caffeoyl-spermidine derivatives from Lycium ruthenicum Murr.: insights from UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, Caenorhabditis elegans , and mechanistic studies

mutants revealed a dual mechanism: a DAF-16-independent capacity to lower ROS, coupled with a strict DAF-16 dependence for inducing antioxidant enzymes. This work establishes LRM-derived caffeoyl-SPDs as promising anti-aging agents and provides mechanistic insights into how caffeoylation confers enhanced bioactivity to the spermidine scaffold.