Cone-Beam Computed Tomography-Based Three-Dimensional Phenotypes of Skeletal Class II Malocclusion in Yemeni Adults: A Principal Component and Cluster Analysis

Phenotype-specific 3D characterisation of skeletal Class II malocclusion may support individualised treatment planning (eg, growth modification, camouflage, or orthognathic approaches). The resulting cluster labels may also serve as clinically interpretable phenotypic descriptors for future machine-learning studies, but no AI modelling was performed in the present work.