Controlling ZnO nanopagoda structure enhances photoelectrochemical water splitting

RHE, which was attributed to an optimal balance among light absorption, charge separation efficiency, carrier density, and suppressed recombination. Furthermore, finite-difference time-domain simulations confirmed enhanced light trapping and electric field distribution within the nanopagoda structures. These results highlight the critical role of precise nanostructural control in optimizing ZnO-based photoanodes and provide valuable design guidelines for high-performance PEC water-splitting systems.