Transformer-based deep learning networks for fault detection, classification, and location prediction in transmission lines

Fault detection, classification, and location prediction are crucial for maintaining the stability and reliability of modern power systems, reducing economic losses, and enhancing system protection sensitivity. This paper presents a novel Hierarchical Deep Learning Approach (HDLA) for accurate and efficient fault diagnosis in transmission lines. HDLA leverages two-stage transformer-based classification and regression models to perform Fault Detection (FD), Fault Type Classification (FTC), and Fault Location Prediction (FLP) directly from synchronized raw three-phase current and voltage samples. By bypassing the need for feature extraction, HDLA significantly reduces computational complexity while achieving superior performance compared to existing deep learning methods. The efficacy of HDLA is validated on a comprehensive dataset encompassing various fault scenarios with diverse types, locations, resistances, inception angles, and noise levels. The results demonstrate significant improvements in accuracy, recall, precision, and F1-score metrics for classification, and Mean Absolute Errors (MAEs) and Root Mean Square Errors (RMSEs) for prediction, showcasing the effectiveness of HDLA for real-time fault diagnosis in power systems.