A comprehensive review of machine learning and its application to dairy products

Machine learning (ML) technology is a powerful tool in food science and engineering offering numerous advantages, from recognizing patterns and predicting outcomes to customizing and adjusting to individual needs. Its further development can enable researchers and industries to significantly enhance the efficiency of dairy processing while providing valuable insights into the field. This paper presents an overview of the role of machine learning in the dairy industry and its potential to improve the efficiency of dairy processing. We performed a systematic search for articles published between January 2003 and January 2023 related to machine learning in dairy products and highlighted the algorithms used. 48 studies are discussed to assist researchers in identifying the best methods that could be applied in their field and providing relevant ideas for future research directions. Moreover, a step-by-step guide to the machine learning process, including a classification of different machine learning algorithms, is provided. This review focuses on state-of-the-art machine learning applications in milk products and their transformation into other dairy products, but it also presents future perspectives and conclusions. The study serves as a valuable guide for individuals in the dairy industry interested in learning about or getting involved with ML.