Redefining Lung Cancer Therapy — A Long-Awaited Shift in Strategy

Surgery is the main treatment for early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), even though recurrence remains common.1 Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has offered a modest survival benefit,2 with few patients having a pathological complete response. The phase 3 CheckMate 816 trial,3 with results reported in 2022, was originally designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in patients with stage IB to IIIA NSCLC. The primary end point was major pathological response in patients treated with combination immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy as compared with those treated with chemotherapy alone. The Spanish Lung Cancer Group initiated the NADIM trial4 to assess the . . .