Collaborative construction of zero-carbon tourism cities considering uncertainty: A four-party stochastic evolutionary game model

This paper addresses the green transformation of tourism destinations by analyzing the cooperative relationships among the main stakeholders of zero-carbon tourism cities (ZCTCs). A four-party stochastic evolutionary game model (SEGM) was constructed, introducing Gaussian white noise to simulate uncertainty, to examine the strategies selected by cooperative subjects during ZCTC construction. An approximate solution was found using random Taylor expansion, and the influence of the set parameters was analyzed through numerical simulation. The initial values of each stakeholder’s strategy choices affected the collaborators’ strategy selections. Reward and punishment mechanisms could, to some extent, promote steady-state evolution in the entire system: the higher the degree of coordination, the better the effect. The impact of environmental uncertainty on strategic choices varied across subjects. This study lays a foundation for strategy selection in collaborative ZCTC construction and provides guidance for policymakers to supervise the process effectively.