Essential Oils: Chemical Composition and Diverse Biological Activities : A Comprehensive Review

Essential oils (EOs) are complex mixtures of volatile compounds, primarily terpenoids and phenolic constituents, derived from plants. They have been widely studied for their diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects, among others. These bioactivities are attributed to the unique chemical composition of EOs, which enables multi-targeted modes of action such as disruption of microbial cell membranes, inhibition of spore germination, and modulation of inflammatory pathways. Their potential as alternatives to conventional antimicrobial therapies has gained attention, particularly in addressing antimicrobial resistance. Additionally, EOs exhibit significant antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, contributing to food preservation by preventing spoilage and extending shelf life. In agriculture, their roles in pest management and plant growth regulation highlight their sustainable applications. In conclusion, EOs present a promising avenue for sustainable applications in healthcare, food preservation, and agriculture, though further research is necessary to overcome challenges related to their variability and clinical validation.