Diverse routes to mitophagy governed by ubiquitylation and mitochondrial import

Abstract

The selective removal of mitochondria by mitophagy proceeds via multiple mechanisms and is essential for human well-being. The PINK1/Parkin and NIX/BNIP3 pathways are strongly linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and hypoxia, respectively. Both are regulated by ubiquitylation and mitochondrial import. Recent studies have elucidated how the ubiquitin kinase PINK1 acts as a sensor of mitochondrial import stress through stable interaction with a mitochondrial import supercomplex. The stability of BNIP3 and NIX is regulated by the SCF^FBXL4 ubiquitin ligase complex. Substrate recognition requires an adaptor molecule, PPTC7, whose availability is limited by mitochondrial import. Unravelling the functional implications of each mode of mitophagy remains a critical challenge. We propose that mitochondrial import stress prompts a switch between these two pathways.