Functional extracellular vesicles from SHEDs combined with gelatin methacryloyl promote the odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs for pulp regeneration

The effects of EV can be substantially enhanced by preconditioning of SHEDs. The functional EVs from SHEDs combined with GelMA are capable of effectively promoting dentinogenesis through upregulating the odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs, which provides a promising therapeutic approach for pulp regeneration.