Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Ficus carica leaves and its chemical composition, antioxidant and UVB-protective properties

This study explored the protective effects of Ficus carica leaves (FCLs) against UVB radiation. Using response surface methodology (RSM), optimal extraction conditions for flavonoids were established, yielding 35.28 mg/g. HPLC-MS/MS analysis identified the components and various tests assessed their antioxidant and UVB protective capabilities. A sunscreen formulation with 0.10 wt% FCLs achieved an SPF of 25.6, surpassing commercial products (SPF 25). Additionally, FCLs extracts reduced E. coli mortality and protected zebrafish tail fin from damage after UVB exposure. These findings suggest FCLs are promising for sunscreen and antioxidant applications and may benefit psoriasis and vitiligo treatment.