Natural sulfated polysaccharides as biomacromolecule in management of metabolic disorders: A comprehensive review

Sulfated polysaccharides (SPs), a potential bioactive macromolecule, are involved in exhibiting potential therapeutical responses against several diseases where chronic metabolic disorders such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and dyslipidaemia are the most. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, chemo-preventive, anti-obesity, anti- metabolic syndrome associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and other health benefits of SPs have been recognized. The SPs abundantly available in marine sources characterized with higher molecular weight, molecular geometry, backbone and linkage, enriched amount of sulfate content and sulfate groups in polysaccharide chain, are main precursors that are directly involved in interaction with the different proteins in the matrix and cells resulting in regulation of several pathways and biomarkers to manage different metabolic disorders. The groups of SPs biomacromolecules such as fucoidan, rhamnan sulfate, fucosylated chondroitin sulfate, laminarin sulfate, agar, heteroglycans, fucan sulfate, alginate, ulvan A, ulvan B, xylan, galactan, carrageenan, have been extensively studied for their beneficial role in the management of metabolic disorders through up and down regulation of molecular pathways and mechanisms. This current review focuses on studying sources, characteristics, molecular weight, sulfate content, monosaccharide compositions, structure, backbone and linkage of SPs, up-to-date recent scientific and clinical studies on SPs involved in the management of obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome associated steatotic liver disease, dyslipidaemia, and to profile molecular level mechanisms, pathways and mode of actions of SPs.