Incorporating cropping systems with eco-friendly strategies and solutions to mitigate the effects of climate change on crop production

Agricultural practices account for approximately 13.5% of all human greenhouse gas emissions and are a significant driver of land-use change. As a result, natural soil fertility has been dramatically reduced, impacting agricultural productivity, the environment, and human health. New technologies, such as green technologies, can address these challenges by adjusting agricultural practices. This paper reviews recent research on climate-mitigating agricultural practices in agronomic cropping systems, and to show how they affect crops, pests, and beneficial arthropods. An optimal amount of synthetic fertilizers and agrochemicals are necessary to maintain production costs, while maximizing outputs. There is a need to develop intelligent, responsive, biodegradable, and biocompatible materials to manufacture green, safe, and efficient fertilizers and pesticides. Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM), is an efficient strategy for managing nutrient efficiency. This system employs inorganic and organic supplies, geographical and temporal soil heterogeneity, crop demands of nutrients, and cropping techniques. A practical strategy to exploit the response of plants to abiotic factors, including the duration, extent, and incidence of specific tolerance mechanisms, is to deploy plant-based products (PBPs). Using microbials (MPBs) is a sustainable strategy to promote plant growth and productivity, even under abiotic situations. Further, nanoparticles, such as iron, silicon, silver, and titanium, can boost plant growth and physiological activity in wheat, maize, soybeans, and spinach are excellent alternatives to artificial chemical pesticides, as they are biodegradable and only affect the target species. Pest and predator responses to agricultural techniques require immediate intervention to mitigate against climate change and ensure food security.