Network Modulus and Superelasticity

We discuss the elastic modulus G and swelling/deswelling behavior of networks as a function of their concentration 4 and their preparation state. Simple scaling ideas reproduce the prediction of James and Guth for the modulus of networks swollen in a 8 solvent (G - 4113) but lead to a new prediction in a good solvent (G - 4'/12). We also suggest that both fully swollen modulus and dry modulus are related to swelling in ways that are independent of the network preparation details. By cross-linking long chains at low concentration and removing the solvent, many temporary entanglements are formed that force each network strand into a double-folded treelike compact configuration. These deswollen networks are capable of stretching by enormous amounta (-1Oox) without breaking (superelastic) and have a much lower modulus than melt-cross-linked networks. The energy stored in temporary entanglements during deswelling is released upon stretching, leading to a weaker-than-linear dependence of stress u on elongation X in tension (a - All3).