Functional characterization of multi-domain LPMOs from marine Vibrio species reveals modulation of enzyme activity by domain-domain interactions

Several bacterial pathogens secrete multi-domain enzymes known as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) that are important for virulence. One example is the Vibrio cholerae virulence factor GbpA ( Vc GbpA), in which an N-terminal LPMO domain is followed by two domains of unknown function called GbpA2 and GbpA3, and a C-terminal chitin-binding domain, called CBM73. In-depth functional characterization of full-length and truncated variants of Vc GbpA and a homologue from V. campbellii (previously V. harveyi ; Vh GbpA) showed that the catalytic LPMO domains of these proteins exhibit properties similar to natural single-domain LPMOs with established roles in chitin degradation. Interestingly, binding to chitin and efficient degradation of this substrate were affected by the presence of the GbpA2 and GbpA3 domains. Combined with structural predictions and analyses of sequence conservation, our data suggests that GbpA3 has evolved to interact with the reduced copper site to prevent off-pathway reactions in the absence of substrate. Substrate binding by CBM73 weakens this interaction, enabling the activation of the LPMO only when substrate is present. These observations shed new light into the functionality of these multi-domain LPMOs and uncover a novel mechanism for regulating LPMO activity.