Designing high-performance direct photo-rechargeable aqueous Zn-based energy storage technologies

Abstract Solar energy is clean, green, and virtually limitless. Yet its intermittent nature necessitates the use of efficient energy storage systems to achieve effective harnessing and utilization of solar energy. Solar-to-electrochemical energy storage represents an important solar utilization pathway. Photo-rechargeable electrochemical energy storage technologies, that are directly charged by light, can offer a novel approach in addressing the unpredictable energy surpluses and deficits associated with solar energy. Recent researches in the direct use of solar light to charge batteries and supercapacitors have demonstrated significant potentials. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the direct photo-rechargeable aqueous Zn-based energy storage technologies. We will also highlight the significant research advancements in electrode design, materials chemistry, performance, application prospects in direct photo-rechargeable Zn-ion capacitors, Zn-ion batteries, and Zn-air batteries. Lastly, we will provide insights into the opportunities and future directions in achieving high-performing direct photo-rechargeable aqueous Zn-based energy storage systems.