Detoxification of Mycotoxin Patulin by the Yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus YG-4 in Apple Juice

Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin produced by Penicillium species, which often contaminates fruit and fruit-derived products, posing a threat to human health and food safety. This work aims to investigate the detoxification of PAT by Kluyveromyces marxianus YG-4 (K. marxianus YG-4) and its application in apple juice. The results revealed that the detoxification effect of K. marxianus YG-4 on PAT includes adsorption and degradation. The adsorption binding sites were polysaccharides, proteins, and some lipids on the cell wall of K. marxianus YG-4, and the adsorption groups were hydroxyl groups, amino acid side chains, carboxyl groups, and ester groups, which were combined through strong forces (ion interactions, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonding) and not easily eluted. The degradation active substance was an intracellular enzyme, and the degradation product was desoxypatulinic acid (DPA) without cytotoxicity. K. marxianus YG-4 can also effectively adsorb and degrade PAT in apple juice. The contents of organic acids and polyphenols significantly increased after detoxification, significantly improving the quality of apple juice. The detoxification ability of K. marxianus YG-4 toward PAT would be a novel approach for the elimination of PAT contamination.