AGEs exacerbates coronary microvascular dysfunction in NoCAD by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated PERK signaling pathway

Abstract

Objective

The current study was aimed to investigate the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-mediated protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) signaling in advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-exacerbated coronary microvascular dysfunctions (CMD) in non-obstructive coronary artery disease (NoCAD).

Methods and materials

ob/ob^−/− mice were used as NoCAD animal model which were exposed to AGEs by intraperitoneal injections. Animal CMD was evaluated by coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR). A viral vector carrying perk-siRNA was used to silence PERK in vivo and in vitro studies. Cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL. Immunofluorescent staining was used to assess CD42c-positive cell number in cardiac sections and NFATc4 translocation in CMECs. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to evaluate the gene expression levels. Cytokine and AGEs concentrations were determined by ELISA. Enzymatic activity of CaN was measured by a colorimetric method. A registered cross sectional study consisted of 77 patients diagnosed as NoCAD was used to analyze the association between diabetes and CMD which was measured by index of microvascular resistance (IMR) with a pressure wire system.

Results

Significant CMD was found in NoCAD mice compared with healthy control. AGEs exposure exacerbated CMD in NoCAD animals which was improved by PERK silencing. Phosphorylation of PERK, nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT)c4, enzymatic activity of calcineurin (CaN), expression levels of Fas/FasL, production of interleukin (IL)6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, cyclooxygenase (COX)2, thromboxane B (TXB)2 as well as apoptosis were suppressed by PERK silencing in cardiac microcirculation endothelial cells (CMECs) isolated from AGEs-exposed NoCAD mice and AGEs-treated primary CMECs. PERK silencing also reduced CD42c-postive cells number in cardiac tissue from AGEs-exposed NoCAD mice.

Conclusion

Diabetes was associated with CMD in NoCAD. AGEs fostered in diabetes exacerbated CMD by activating ERS-mediated PERK/CaN/NFATc4 signaling in CMECs. IMR values increased significantly in NoCAD patients complicated with diabetes, which were significantly and positively correlated with serum AGEs concentrations.