Robotic Spine Surgery: Past, Present and Future.

Systematic review. The aim of this review is to present an overview of robotic spine surgery (RSS) including its history, applications, limitations, and future directions. The first RSS platform received United States Food and Drug Administration approval in 2004. Since then, robotic-assisted placement of thoracolumbar pedicle screws has been extensively studied. More recently, expanded applications of RSS have been introduced and evaluated. A systematic search of the Cochrane, OVID-MEDLINE and PubMed databases was performed for articles relevant to robotic spine surgery. Institutional review board approval was not needed. The placement of thoracolumbar pedicle screws using RSS is safe and accurate and results in reduced radiation exposure for the surgeon and surgical team. Barriers to utilization exist including learning curve and large capital costs. Additional applications involving minimally invasive techniques, cervical pedicle screws, and deformity correction have emerged. Interest in RSS continues to grow as the applications advance in parallel with image guidance systems and minimally invasive techniques.