The effect of socio-demographic variables and dairy use on the intake of essential macro- and micronutrients in 0.5-12-year-old Indonesian children.

To study the associations between nutrient intake, dairy intake and socioeconomic variables.Food consumption data using 24 h recall were collected in 3600 children, aged 0.5 to 12 years old in addition to frequency of dairy use and anthropometric and sociodemographic variables.Overall height for age Z-score (HAZ) and body mass index for age Z-score (BAZ) values (mean±SE) were -1.40±0.03 and -0.48±0.03 respectively, associated with a high prevalence of stunting and thinness in the population. The overall percentage of children not using any dairy products was 71%, and this percentage increased steadily with age. The overall energy intake from dairy was 99±3 kcal/capita/day and the overall energy intake from dairy in dairy users was 291±7 kcal/day. Dairy use did not differ between boys and girls, but was higher in urban areas, higher if the education of the mother was higher and higher if the mother had a permanent job and if the wealth status of the family was in the upper levels. Nutrient intake after the age of 3 years was inadequate for energy and all nutrients except for protein. The achievement of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for all nutrients was higher in dairy users compared to non-dairy users, also after correcting for the confounding effect of the higher energy intake (from dairy) and socio-demographic variables. The contribution increased with increasing frequency of dairy use.Adequate dairy intake can substantially add to the achievement of RDA in Indonesian children.背景与目的：研究营养素摄入、奶制品摄入和社会经济因素之间的关系。方法 与研究设计：采用24 小时膳食回顾法收集3600 名年龄为0.5-12 岁儿童的膳食 摄入量，并收集其乳制品的使用频率、人体测量指标和社会人口学指标。结 果：总的年龄别身高Z 分数和年龄别体质指数Z 分数（均数±标准误）分别为- 1.40±0.03 和-0.48±0.03，其与人群中发育迟缓和消瘦的高发生率相关。不使用 任何乳制品的儿童占总人数的71%，并且这一比例随着年龄的增长而稳步增 长。乳制品来源的总能量摄入平均为99±3 千卡/人/天，乳制品使用者来自总乳 制品的能量为291±7 千卡/人/天。乳制品的使用没有性别差异，但城市地区高 于农村地区。另外，如果母亲受教育程度越高、母亲有一份稳定的工作、或者 家庭的收入状况处于偏上水平的儿童，其奶制品的使用频率也较高。3 岁之 后，除了蛋白质，能量和所有营养素的摄入是不足的。校正乳制品来源的更高 能量摄入和社会人口因素之后，与非乳制品使用者相比，乳制品使用者所有营 养素达到推荐膳食摄入量的比例更高，随着乳制品使用频率的增加贡献也增 加。结论：摄入充足的乳制品将大大促进印度尼西亚儿童达到推荐膳食摄入 量。.