Translational Advances in Chitosan Biomaterials: From Molecular Modification to Clinical Medicine

Chitosan (CS), a cationic polysaccharide derived from natural sources, has emerged as a critical biomaterial due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial properties. The reactive amino and hydroxyl functional groups enable chemical modifications and diverse structural fabrications, expanding applications in drug delivery, wound healing, and tissue engineering. Recent advances include strategic modifications and synergistic approaches that enhance the therapeutic efficacy. However, CS faces limitations, including poor solubility under physiological conditions, inadequate mechanical strength, and thermal instability. To address these challenges, innovative strategies involving chemical modifications and advanced material engineering have been developed. This review examines strategic advancements in CS-based medical materials over the past five years, focusing on material preparation innovations and disease treatment mechanisms, providing insights into CS's transformative potential in sustainable healthcare solutions.