A universal NiP2 electrode with tunable intermediates pathways for antibacterial activity and water splitting performance

The development of robust electrocatalysts capable of selectively generating H 2 O 2 for biomedical disinfection is of great importance, yet remains challenging due to the limited availability of efficient and stable electrodes. Here, we report a facile anodic activation of nickel foam (ANF) to directly construct an amorphous-rich NiP 2 surface, which enables highly efficient two-electron oxygen reduction for H 2 O 2 production. The amorphous domains and defect-regulated electronic structure promote favorable adsorption and transformation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) intermediates, leading to enhanced H 2 O 2 yield and strong antibacterial performance against representative pathogens. Beyond their excellent H 2 O 2 -mediated antimicrobial activity, the NiP 2 /ANF electrodes also exhibit competent activity toward HER and glycerol oxidation, demonstrating the intrinsic multifunctionality imparted by the amorphous catalytic surface. These results establish a simple and scalable activation strategy for engineering defect-rich electrocatalysts with tunable ROS pathways, offering promising opportunities for biomedical disinfection and versatile electrochemical applications.