Pear peel polyphenols protect against ulcerative colitis via coordinated modulation of gut microbiota and mucosal immunity

. Notably, proteomic analysis further demonstrated that PPP modulated mucosal immunity, particularly by suppressing the levels of immunoglobulin-related molecules (IgM, IgD, and IgA) and attenuating antigen presentation pathways involving major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and cluster of differentiation (Cd40) signaling. Altogether, these findings suggest that PPP exerts a protective effect against colitis through the coordinated regulation of gut microbiota and mucosal immunity, highlighting its potential as a functional food ingredient for intestinal health.