Itaconic Acid and Derivatives

Abstract Itaconic acid (methylenebutanedioic acid, methylenesuccinic acid) is a crystalline, high melting acid (mp = 167 – 168°C) produced commercially by fermentation of carbohydrates. Itaconic acid is produced in the broth form citric acid. Itaconic acid is isomeric with citraconic and mesaconic acids. Under acidic, neutral, or mildly basic conditions and at moderate temperatures, itaconic acid is stable. At elevated temperatures or under strongly basic conditions, the isomers are interconvertible. Itaconic acid, anhydride, and mono‐ and diesters undergo vinyl polymerization. Emulsion stability, flow properties of the formulated coating, and adhesion to substrates are improved in certain polymeric coatings by the acid.