Effects of novel SGLT2 inhibitors on cancer incidence in hyperglycemic patients: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Epidemiological evidence shows that diabetic patients have an increased cancer risk and a higher mortality rate. Glucose could play a central role in metabolism and growth of many tumor types, and this possible mechanism is supported by the high rate of glucose demand and uptake in cancer. Thus, growing evidence suggests that hyperglycemia contributes to cancer progression but also to its onset. Many mechanisms underlying this association have been hypothesized, such as insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and increased inflammatory processes. Inflammation is a common pathophysiological feature in both diabetic and oncological patients, and inflammation linked to high glucose levels sensitizes microenvironment to tumorigenesis, promoting the development of malignant lesions by altering and sustaining a pathological condition in tissues. Glycemic control is the first goal of antidiabetic therapy, and glucose level reduction has also been associated with favorable outcomes in cancer. Here, we describe key events in carcinogenesis focusing on hyperglycemia as supporter in tumor progression and in particular, related to the role of a specific hypoglycemic drug class, sodium-glucose linked transporters (SGLTs). We also discuss the use of SGLT2 inhibitors as a novel potential cancer therapy. Our meta-analysis showed that SGLT-2 inhibitors were significantly associated with an overall reduced risk of cancer as compared to placebo (RR = 0.35, CI 0.33-0.37, P = 0. 00) with a particular effectiveness for dapaglifozin and ertuglifozin (RR = 0. 06, CI 0. 06-0. 07 and RR = 0. 22, CI 0. 18-0. 26, respectively). Network Medicine approaches may advance the possible repurposing of these drugs in patients with concomitant diabetes and cancer.