Graft copolymerized chitosan—present status and applications

Chitosan is a natural based polymer obtained by alkaline deacetylation of chitin, exhibiting excellent biological properties such as biodegradation in the human body, and immunological, antibacterial, and wound-healing activity. Chitosan has also been found to be a good candidate as a support material for gene delivery, cell culture and tissue engineering. However, practical use of chitosan has been mainly confined to the unmodified forms. For a breakthrough in utilization, graft copolymerization onto chitosan will be a key point, which will introduce desired properties and enlarge the field of the potential applications of chitosan by choosing various types of side chains. This article reviews the various methods such as free radical, radiation, enzymatic and cationic graft copolymerization onto chitosan, the factors influencing on the grafting parameters such as grafting percentage and grafting efficiency, and the properties of grafted chitosan. This review also screens the current applications of graft copolymerized chitosans in the field of drug delivery, tissue engineering, antibacterial, biomedical, metal adsorption and dye removal.