Adaptive Surfaces with Stimuli-Responsive Wettability: From Tailoring to Applications

Adaptive surfaces with tunable wettability have attracted considerable attention due to their increasing importance in adapting to real applications. By incorporation of stimuli-sensitive materials that enable control over surface chemistry or topographical features, or both, a variety of adaptive surfaces are engineered to exhibit reversible tailoring in wettability. This Review provides a comprehensive review of the development of adaptive surfaces with stimuli-responsive wettability. It begins by outlining the background and significance of the adaptive surfaces. Then, this Review delves into the fundamental theories that govern surface wettability, focusing on the influence of external stimuli on wetting behavior. The discussion then shifts to highlighting various triggers, such as magnetism, photo, temperature, pH, electricity, and gas stimuli, that drive response in wettability, as well as surfaces that respond to dual or multiple stimuli. This Review further explores the primary and leading applications in droplet manipulation, oil-water separation, and water harvesting. To conclude, we encapsulate the challenges, potential solutions, and future directions for improving tunable wettability on these surfaces.