Environmental Impacts of a Low-Profile Full Electric Specialized Tractor: A Case Study on Different Battery Pack Configurations

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The electrification of agricultural machinery, such as tractors, presents an opportunity to mitigate environmental impacts associated with traditional diesel-powered equipment. Central to this transition are the battery packs that power electric tractors, the choice of which can significantly influence the tractor's overall environmental footprint. This paper conducts a comparative case study to assess the environmental impacts of different battery pack configurations in a low-profile, full-electric tractor model tailored for orchard and vineyard applications. Parametric analysis is conducted using a one degree-of-freedom 4WD tractor model to assess power needs for traction across varied working conditions, including slope, speed, and terrain characteristics. Also, by integrating life cycle optimization, dynamic modeling, and scenario analysis this study evaluates the environmental performance of various battery pack options, considering factors such as raw material extraction, manufacturing, operation, and end-of-life disposal. By merging insights from dynamic analysis and environmental assessment, this research seeks to optimize battery pack configurations, facilitating the development of sustainable, high-performance electric tractors for specialized agricultural settings. Results demonstrate that autonomous electric tractors are capable of matching or exceeding the daily work rate of conventional counterparts while achieving significant reductions in emissions and energy consumption.</div></div>