Boosting Sodium Storage in Pitch-Derived Hard Carbon via MgO Catalytic Preoxidation

with a significant 80.5% increase over typical pitch-based carbon materials, along with a high initial Coulombic efficiency up to 88.5 and 88.3% capacity retention after 600 cycles. This study provides new insights into the rational design of high-capacity pitch-based HC and holds potential for application in other carbon-based materials.