Crosslinking and fluorination reinforced PTFE nanofibrous membrane with excellent amphiphobic performance for low-scaling membrane distillations

Membrane distillation (MD) has emerged as a promising technology for desalination and concentration of hypersaline brine. However, the efficient preparation of a structurally stable and salinity-resistant membrane remains a significant challenge. In this study, an amphiphobic polytetrafluoroethylene nanofibrous membrane (PTFE NFM) with exceptional resistance to scaling has been developed, using an energy-efficient method. This innovative approach avoids the high-temperature sintering treatment, only involving electrospinning with PTFE/PVA emulsion and subsequent low-temperature crosslinking and fluorination. The impact of the PVA and PTFE contents, as well as the crosslinking and subsequent fluorination on the morphology and MD performance of the NFM, were systematically investigated. The optimized PTFE NFM displayed robust amphiphobicity, boasting a water contact angle of 155.2º and an oil contact angle of 132.7º. Moreover, the PTFE NFM exhibited stable steam flux of 52.1 L·m-2·h-1 and 26.7 L·m-2·h-1 when fed with 3.5 wt % and 25.0 wt % NaCl solutions, respectively, and an excellent salt rejection performance (99.99 %, ΔT = 60 °C) in a continuous operation for 24 h, showing exceptional anti-scaling performance. It also exhibited stable anti-wetting and anti-fouling properties against surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and hydrophobic contaminants (diesel oil). These results underscore the significant potential of the PTFE nanofibrous membrane for practical applications in desalination, especially in hypersaline or polluted aqueous environments.