Enhanced Reconstruction of Satellite-Derived Monthly Chlorophyll a Concentration With Fourier Transform Convolutional-LSTM

Chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration, a vital indicator of water quality and crucial for assessing the health of marine ecosystems, presents significant challenges for satellite remote sensing due to various interferences, such as cloud cover, sun-glints, and adjacency effects. These impediments limit our understanding of marine ecosystems and hinder sustainable management practices. This study proposes a novel approach to overcome these challenges: the Fourier Transform Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (FTC-LSTM) framework. Integrating Fourier Transform Convolution (FTC) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) layers, the FTC-LSTM model aims to estimate cloud-free Chl a, improving the accuracy and robustness of the inpainting process. Evaluation of the FTC-LSTM model across the South China Sea (SCS), along with two other state-of-the-art deep learning models (DINCAE and Conv-LSTM), reveals its consistent superior performance across regions with distinct characteristics. Notably, the FTC-LSTM model achieved the highest scores with impressive values: 0.95 for determination coefficient (R ² ), 47.57 for peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), 0.99 for structural similarity index measure (SSIM), and 0.01 for root mean square error (RMSE). Temporal analysis demonstrates the model's ability to accurately capture the temporal variability of Chl a in the SCS. Furthermore, comparison of spatial patterns indicates that the FTC-LSTM model excels in reliably reconstructing Chl a distributions within the SCS, outperforming other models, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions significantly impacted by clouds.