Small watersheds are the best control and management unit for improving soil conservation services in karst areas

Climate factors and changes in landscape patterns are often recognized as the primary drivers of soil conservation services. The influence mechanism of climate factors and landscape patterns on soil conservation service is scale-dependent and spatial heterogeneous. However, it is not clear whether small watershed scale is more conducive to soil erosion control than large scale such as county scale and township scale. For the purpose of creating land use development plans that take local conditions into account, it is crucial to clarify the effects of climate and landscape pattern factors on soil conservation change. Wujiang River basin (WRB), a typical karst basin located in the catchment of the largest first-level tributary on the upper Yangtze River in China, was used as the study area in this research. Soil conservation services provided by water erosion control (SPC) in WRB from 2005 to 2020 were evaluated using the RUSLE model based on the modified rock exposure rate. By using stepwise regression model and multi-scale geographically weighted regression model (MGWR), the spatial heterogeneity of the influence of different driving factors on soil conservation service was comprehensively studied at the scale of district, township and small watershed. The results show that the SPC fluctuates obviously, but the trend is not significant. Climate factor is the dominant factor affecting SPC. With the change of scale from large to small, the adjusted R