Human Organoids and Their Application in Tumor Models, Disease Modeling, and Tissue Engineering

ABSTRACT Organoid technology has revolutionized biomedical research, disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine by providing three‐dimensional (3D) organ‐like structures that closely mimic native human tissues. Derived from pluripotent and adult stem cells, organoids replicate the structural, cellular, and functional characteristics of various organs, making them powerful tools for studying tumor progression, genetic diseases, infectious diseases, and organ regeneration. Recent advances in CRISPR gene editing, microfluidic systems, immune co‐culture models, and bioprinting have expanded the applications of organoids, improving their physiological relevance and translational potential. Patient‐derived organoids (PDOs) have enabled personalized medicine, allowing for individualized drug screening and precision oncology. Furthermore, vascularized and immune‐integrated organoids hold promise for tissue engineering and transplantation in the liver, lung, kidney, and pancreas regeneration. Despite these advancements, challenges such as scalability, vascularization, immune system integration, and standardization remain barriers to clinical translation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of organoid development, key biological principles, disease modeling applications, tumor organoids, and regenerative medicine strategies, highlighting future directions and the potential of organoids in precision medicine and bioengineered organ replacement.